Once Upon a Time, an Iron Rose… «work in progress»

already had a successful career behind her at the time; at the age of twenty, she gained national fame as a singer with the Manhattan Brothers. A performance in the documentary Come Back, Africa – a protest from 1959 against South-Africa’s apartheid policies – led to invitations to visit Europe and the United States. However, the South-African government denied her an entry visa when she wanted to return for her mother’s funeral and revoked her citizenship, after which she took up residence in the United States in the 1960s. She was soon discovered there by singer and human rights activist Harry Belafonte. Under his wing, she turned into a star, with Pata Pata becoming a hit worldwide. In 1963, Makeba appeared before a United Nations committee concerned with apartheid and called for an international boycott of her country. A year after her success with Pata Pata, when she married civil rights activist and Black Panther-member Stokely Carmichael, major record labels like RCA and Reprise terminated her contracts with them immediately. Concerts planned in the United States were cancelled from one day to the next. Makeba decided to leave America and took up residence in the African country Guinee, where she continued to speak out against the apartheid regime in her native country. She also became a United Nations delegate for her new homeland. Only in 1989 could her records be sold again in South-Africa. It was at the invitation of Nelson Mandela, who had just been released from prison, that she returned to her native country after a forced absence of thirty years.

Miriam Makeba was one of the first to introduce African music to a western audience.In the 1960s, she made records with Harry Belafonte that mixed traditional styles, before ‘world music’ emerged as a concept. In 1966, she was the first African artist to win a Grammy for An Evening With Belafonte/Makeba. She was adept in a wide range of styles; after the music from the townships and the South-African variety of jazz that characterised her music initially, elements of Afro-pop, Latin and hybrid music styles began to seep into her repertoire as time went on. Her early fame helped pave the way for artists like Fela Kuti, King Sunny Adé, Youssou N’Dour and Salif Keita. She was called ‘Mama Africa’ because of her status as a star and role model. She was not only a role model as a singer; she was active in helping children infected with HIV, child soldiers and orphans. Besides awards for her music, she received the Dag Hammerskjøld Peace Prize and Otto Hahn Peace Medal for her fight against inequality. Makeba died in 2008 during a show in Italy, just after singing her all-time hit Pata Pata.

Pata Pata, an energetically sung song to an exceptionally jumpy and danceable beat, sung in Xhosa, a language with characteristic clicking and plosive sounds. In 1967, it brought international fame to the South-African singer Miriam Makeba (South-Africa, 1932). She